sing the diagonal system of control. The more senior of the two assistants will normally occupy the

 to position themselves quickly and easily to observe the important aspects of play (offside, ball in or out of play, goal-scoring opportunities, challenges for the ball) from multiple angles with multiple sets of eyes.
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Austrian assistant referee Clemens Schüttengruber signalling an offside offence has taken place

In association football, an assistant referee is one of several officials who assist the referee in controlling a match. Two officials, traditionally known as linesmen (or lineswomen if they are female), stand on the touchlines, while a fourth official assists administrative or other match related tasks as directed by the referee.
Contents

    1 General duties
    2 Fourth official
    3 Extra officials
        3.1 Fifth official
        3.2 Additional assistant referee
    4 References

General duties

All decisions by the assistant referee/linesman are only advisory to the referee; assistants do not actually make binding decisions. During the game one assistant referee oversees one touch-line and one end of the field utilising the diagonal system of control. The more senior of the two assistants will normally occupy the side of the field containing the technical areas, to help oversee substitutions. An assistant referee indicates matters to the referee (usually initially by raising his flag, but nowadays also by wireless communication devices, which can include "buzzer flags" and in the most senior games, additionally a microphone and headset link, which the referee may then act upon.)

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al (if present) in notifying the centre referee that a substitution is being requested.

Assistant referees (linesmen) were formerly called linesmen. In 1996, the name was changed, primarily to better reflect the modern role of these officials, and secondarily to become non-gender specific. They are also sometimes incorrectly referred to as "referee's assistants". However the term "linesman" is still commonly used.

Law 6 of the Laws of the Game outlines the general duties of the assistant referees, however their duties in a given game remain subject to the decision of the referee. These duties usually include indicating:

    When the whole ball has passed outside the field of play.
    Which side is entitled to return the ball into the field of play.
    When a player may be penalised for an offside offence.
    To assist the fourth official (if present) in notifying the centre referee that a substitution is being requested.
    When offences or other infringements of the Laws of the Game have been committed of which the referee does not have an adequate view.

An assistant referee (linesman) may also be called upon by the referee to provide an opinion regarding matters which the referee requires clarification on. Occasionally the assistant referee will assist in player management during free kicks, as well as provide visual assistance during penalty kicks. The assistant referees also usually assist the referee with preparatory and administrative functions.

Due to the nature of association football's offside rule, the assistants are generally better placed to assess whether a player is in an offside position than the referee. Assistants are generally expected to position themselves such that they are best able to make such judgements.
Fourth official

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iemenslandt in honour of Anthony van Diemen, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies w

. Most initially opted for the right-wing diagonal although over the years the left-wing diagonal became increasingly popular and the preferred choice of most referees by the early 2000s. From 2007–08 the left-wing diagonal has been mandatory in English professional football although some referees at lower levels still use the opposite approach.

Its implementation as a standard practice for referees is attributed to Sir Stanley Rous, former referee and President of FIFA from 1961 to 1974.[12]For other uses, see Van Diemen (disambiguation).
Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land 1852.jpg
1852 map of Van Diemen's Land.
Geography
Location    Southern Ocean
Coordinates     42°00′S 147°00′E
Area    68,401 km2 (26,409.8 sq mi)
Highest elevation   1,614 m (5,295 ft)
Highest point   Mount Ossa
Country
Australia
Largest city    Hobart Town
Demographics
Population  40,000 (as of 1855)
Density     0.59 /km2 (1.53 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups   Tasmanian Aborigines

Van Diemen's Land was the original name used by most Europeans for the island of Tasmania, now part of Australia. The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to land on the shores of Tasmania. Landing at Blackman's Bay and later having the Dutch flag flown at North Bay, Tasman named the island Anthoonij van Diemenslandt in honour of Anthony van Diemen, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies who had sent Tasman on his voyage of discovery in 1642. Between 1772 and 1798 only the southeastern portion of the island was visited. Tasmania was not known to be an island until Matthew Flinders and George Bass circumnavigated it in the Norfolk in 1798-99.
1663 map of Van Diemen's Land, showing the parts discovered by Tasman, including Storm Bay, Maria Island and Schouten Island.

In 1803, the island was colonised by the British as a penal colony with the name Van Diemen's Land, and became part of the British colony of New South Wales. Major-General Ralph Darling was appointed Governor of New South Wales In 1825, and in the same year he visited Hobart Town, and on December 3 proclaimed the establishment of the independent colony, of which he actually became Governor for three days.[1]

The demonym for Van Diemen's Land was 'Van Diemonian', though contemporaries used Vandemonian, possibly as a play on words relating to the colony's penal origins.[2]

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